A new species and a new record for Pycnoporus P.Karst. (Polyporaceae) from the Brazilian Amazon, revealed by an integrative approach of classical taxonomy and phylogenetic studies

The cosmopolitan genus Pycnoporus P.Karst. groups together macrofungi that belong to the family Polyporaceae Fr. ex Corda, and these are identified by the dimidiate to flabelliform basidiome, coriaceous, reddish-orange, smooth pileus, hymenophore with 3-8 pores per 1 mm, trimitic hyphal system and smooth spores. During a search for poroid fungi of the genus Pycnoporus in Brazil, 37 specimens coming from herbaria and 66 recently collected were analyzed. The fungi were analyzed for their macro- and micromorphology, and the ITS, LSU and tef regions, which were sequenced and subjected to Bayesian analyses. These analyses showed which characteristics are specific to the genus and new characteristics not previously reported were evidenced. After morphological and phylogenetic analyses, we concluded that some of these specimens were very different from the existing taxa and that they represent a new species of Pycnoporus. In addition, P. puniceus (Fr.) Ryvarden is reported for the first time from the country and P. sanguineus (L.) Murrill from the state of Roraima (Brazil). Furthermore, using the molecular data obtained in this study and ITS, LSU, tef1 and rpb2 sequences from Polyporales Gäum. from GenBank, we sought to estimate the time of divergence of Pycnoporus and the species on the order, as a starting point for understanding its biogeographic history. According to our analyses, Pycnoporus and its sister group Trametes Fr. diverged at 36 Mya. Lastly, we discuss the taxonomic relationship between these two groups.